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Discussion about multiple myeloma treatments, stem cell transplants, clinical trials, alternative medicines, supplements, and their benefits and side effects.

Re: Why have an (autologous) stem cell transplant?

by Mark11 on Wed Feb 17, 2016 10:44 am

This thread was started based on what I believe is an incorrect assumption. Patients who do auto stem cell transplants do have increased overall survival compared to those who do not do them. Could someone post some links to all of the studies that show patients who do not do autos have the same overall survival as patients who do them? I am looking for studies that have a group that never does a transplant, not studies comparing upfront or at relapse.

Second, only 12% of patients in the US do an auto as part of their upfront therapy and around 20% at any time:

"Autologous stem cell transplants in the United States" (forum thread started Nov 11, 2015)

How does it make you a "trailblazer" to do what 88% of all patients do? How is it still the "preferred treatment among most experts" if so few patients do one?

Third, in my opinion the discussions about Pat are in very poor taste and would seem to be inaccurate. Patients with multiple myeloma die - even those who never do transplants. Pat clearly stated in posts that he was told by his doctor at Mayo he likely would not be alive for his 2016 beach party if he continued only using novel agents. I fail to see how Pat had a "tragic experience with autologous transplants." You typically see that transplant-eligible myeloma patients have a 7-10 year median overall survival expectancy. Pat fell right in that area. He treated like most patients, therefore he had the outcome most transplant-eligible patients have. Honestly I think a lot of posters here have a hard time accepting their diagnosis given some of the posts here in this thread and in others. Unfortunately, years 7-10 come for myeloma patients.

Fourth, there are peer reviewed studies about the quality of life of patients who do autos. Here is one from 2009, prior to maintenance being common.

In the setting of autologous HCT [haemato­poietic cell transplan­ta­tion], initial impairments in overall QOL are noted at baseline compared to reference population data, probably reflecting the effects of prior therapy and anticipation of the arduous therapy involved in autologous HCT. Not surprisingly, longitudinal studies demonstrate an initial worsening in overall QOL following transplant, with nadir reached at 10-14 days after HCT. Beyond this, there is rapid progressive improvement, with return to baseline reported by 3 months to 1 year. By one year after autologous HCT, the proportion of survivors below the 10th percentile of a healthy normative population in overall QOL de­creased from 43% to 20%. In addition, 88% of survivors after autologous HCT at 1 year endorsed their overall QOL as ‘above average to excellent’. However, there does appear to be a more persistent decrement in overall QOL after autologous HCT in comparison to normative population data at 36 months. Thus, it appears that deficits in overall QOL associated with autologous transplant are transient. Longer-term deficits in overall QOL observed in patients relative to individuals without cancer may reflect the cumulative burden of relapsed disease and multiple treat­ments rather than specific effects of autologous transplant per se.

Source:

J Pidala et al, "Health-related quality of life following haematopoietic cell transplantation: patient education, evaluation and intervention," British Journal of Haematology, Nov 16, 2009 (full text of article)

To the original question posed in the thread, I was not planning on doing an auto stem cell transplant but had to do one prior to my allo (donor) stem cell transplant for insurance purposes. Since an auto was part of the therapy that put me in a myeloma drug-free sustained stringent complete response / minimal residual disease-negative (MRD-) state for 4 and a half years with excellent quality of life, my answer is yes I would do it again.

Aggressive upfront therapy is for patients who think long term. If you are more concerned about the short-term, less aggressive therapy is a better choice for you.

Mark11

Re: Why have an (autologous) stem cell transplant?

by Nancy Shamanna on Wed Feb 17, 2016 11:10 am

Hi Mark and All,

Mark, we have been posting on the Beacon for several years now and did know Pat K. through his writings, kindness, and willingness to share all of the information he learned about myeloma / amyloidosis. Back in 2010, I became aware of his work through the person who started our local support group, Carol Westberg. Thus, I do feel that I was connected with Pat for a long time.

His death was a shock, even though he was very ill. Patients who are very ill are willing to take risks, and Pat did that with his second and third transplants, and also the therapies he took after those treatments. He put all of his treatments 'out there' online, and I guess we all learned from his writings. I also think it was tragic what happened to Pat, and my deepest sympathies go out to Pattie and his family.

When I took an auto stem cell transplant, my doctors recommended that it could keep me in re­mission for a longer period of time than taking chemotherapy treatments specific to myeloma alone. At that time, the treatments available to me were Velcade, dex, Thalomid, prednisone, and the like. The autologous stem cell transplant did help me to stay in a long remission, but I have had other treatments too. I think that the transplant helped me, but I knew others for whom it didn't seem to help stop the progression of the disease. I had the transplant within six months of my initial diagnosis.

Hope that helps, although I realize that now there are different myeloma-specific drugs available than there were six years ago. The whole field of myeloma medicine is changing rapidly.
Last edited by Nancy Shamanna on Wed Feb 17, 2016 11:40 am, edited 1 time in total.

Nancy Shamanna
Name: Nancy Shamanna
Who do you know with myeloma?: Self and others too
When were you/they diagnosed?: July 2009

Re: Why have an (autologous) stem cell transplant?

by MrPotatohead on Wed Feb 17, 2016 11:29 am

Mark11

This study shows a marked benefit for progression-free survival for a transplant cohort over one treated with drugs, and yet no significant benefit in overall survival between the two:

"Transplantation Versus Novel Agents For Myeloma: Study Supports Transplantation (EHA 2011)," The Myeloma Beacon, June 15, 2011

The lack of an overall survival benefit is stated explicitly in the conclusions section of the related abstract.

(Granted, this was a Phase III clinical trial that only went out 24 months).

MrPotatohead
Name: MrPotatohead
Who do you know with myeloma?: Me
When were you/they diagnosed?: March, 2015
Age at diagnosis: 65

Re: Why have an (autologous) stem cell transplant?

by Mark11 on Wed Feb 17, 2016 4:46 pm

Hi Mr. Potatohead,

Unfortunately, a study with 20-month follow up in a group with 7-10 year expected overall survival benefit doesn't shed much light when making a decision for the long term. In the study you mentioned, at 20 months the overall survival for the transplant group is 95% and non transplant is 91% without.

Here are some studies showing overall survival improved by transplant.

Here is one with 54 months of followup:
389 patients were enrolled between July 6, 2009 and May 6, 2011. Median follow-up was 54.5 months. MEL200 significantly increased PFS (median PFS from the start of consolidation: 43.3 versus 28.6 months; HR 0.40, P<0.001) and overall survival (OS; 4‑year: 86% versus 73%; HR 0.42, P=0.004) compared with CRD ...

MEL200 significantly prolonged PFS and OS compared with CRD, regardless of maintenance. RP maintenance did not significantly improve PFS and OS compared with R alone.

Reference:

F Gay et al, "Autologous Transplantation Versus Cyclophosphamide-Lenalidomide-Prednisone Followed By Lenalidomide-Prednisone Versus Lenalidomide Maintenance in Multiple Myeloma: Long-Term Results of a Phase III Trial," ASH 2015 annual meeting abstract 392

Here is a pooled analysis of 2 randomized trials from ASH 2014.
In NDMM patients, Mel200-ASCT significantly improved PFS and OS in comparison with CC+R. The most significant OS advantage was observed in patients with baseline Karnofsky PS 80-100%, ISS Stage I, with absence of del17, t(4;14) or t(14;16) and in patients achieving ≥VGPR after induction. These data suggest intensifying treatment in good-prognosis patients and in patients with a chemo-sensitive disease. More effective novel agents are needed for patients with a more aggressive disease.

Reference:

F Gay et al, "Impact of Autologous Transplantation Vs. Chemotherapy Plus Lenalidomide in Newly Diagnosed Myeloma According to Patient Prognosis: Results of a Pooled Analysis of 2 Phase III Trials," ASH 2014 annual meeting abstract #198 (abstract)

There are two from the link provided above showing how rare auto transplant was in the US. Here is one:
In a further subgroup analysis of patients </= 65, 5-yr survival probability of those who had early ASCT vs. no early ASCT was 79% [95%CI (67-87)] vs. 62% [95%CI (54-69)], respectively. In patients </= 65, median OS in the early ASCT vs. no early ASCT was not reached vs. 7.4 years and the survival HR was 0.74 [95%CI (0.48-1.15)]. For patients >65, 5-yr survival probability of those who had early ASCT vs. no early ASCT was 83% [95%CI (56-94)] vs. 52% [95%CI (45-59)], respectively. In patients >65, median OS in the early ASCT vs. no early ASCT was not reached versus 5.2 years and the survival HR was 0.38 [95%CI (0.17-0.87)]. In all age groups, overall response rate was similar prior to the decision of proceeding with ASCT vs. no early ASCT. In a multivariable model adjusting for baseline prognostic factors, early ASCT retained marginal significance ...

Conclusions: The landmark analysis demonstrated that patients opting for ASCT after induction Ld/LD had a higher 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5- year survival probability and improvement in median OS regardless of DEX dose density. Results were stronger within the older age cohort and upheld in adjusted models. Limitations include lack of randomization and data on salvage therapy. At a time when lenalidomide and dexamethasone as induction is gaining worldwide acceptance in all age groups, early ASCT is safe and efficacious and should remain a standard of care for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma even in the era of novel therapies.

Reference:

N Biran et al, "Outcome with Lenalidomide Plus Dexamethasone Followed By Early Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in the ECOG-ACRIN E4A03 Ran­dom­ized Clinical Trial: Long-Term Follow-up," ASH 2015 annual meeting abstract #3174.

Here is a retrospective study for patients aged 65-77. Even though retrospective, I thought it important since many myeloma patients are in that age group.
Randomized trials showing that high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) improved the overall survival (OS) in multiple myeloma (multiple myeloma) excluded patients over age 65. To compare the outcomes of older adults with multiple myeloma who underwent ASCT with non-transplant strategies, we identified 146 patients aged 65-77 with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma seen in the Washington University School of Medicine from 2000 to 2010. Survival among patients who did (N=62) versus did not (N=84) undergo ASCT was compared using Cox proportional hazards modeling, controlling for comorbidities, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) and the propensity to undergo ASCT. Median age was 68 years (range 65-77). PS and comorbidities did not differ significantly between those who did versus those who did not undergo ASCT. Median OS was significantly longer in patients who underwent ASCT than in those who did not (median 56.0 months (95% confidence intervals (CIs) 49.1-65.4) versus 33.1 months (24.3-43.1), P=0.004). Adjusting for PS, comorbidities, Durie-Salmon stage and the propensity to undergo ASCT, ASCT was associated with superior OS (HR for mortality 0.52 (95% CI 0.30-0.91), P=0.02). In a cohort of older adults with multiple myeloma, undergoing ASCT was associated with a nearly 50% lower mortality, after controlling for PS, comorbidities, stage and the propensity to undergo ASCT.

Reference:

TM Wildes et al, "High-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplant in older adults with multiple myeloma," Bone Marrow Transplantation, Aug 2015 (abstract; full text at PubMed Central)

Also, not that in an article about maintenance written for the ASCO post by Dr. Rajkumar from the Mayo Clinic, he said.
"Let us first examine the setting: post-transplant maintenance therapy. Autologous stem cell transplantation is not curative in myeloma but prolongs overall survival. Subsequently, three randomized trials found that the timing of stem cell transplantation (early vs transplant at first relapse) does not affect overall survival, but we generally favor early stem cell transplant since it provides a longer time without therapy or toxicity.

Reference:

SV Rajkumar, "Maintenance Therapy in Multiple Myeloma," ASCO Post, May 1, 2014 (full text of article; related discussion here in the forum)

I think Dr. Rajkumar is aware of the new therapies when writing / making these comments.

Again, I was not planning on doing an auto but I really cannot understand why patients who never did one constantly want to say bad things about an effective therapy that has helped many myeloma patients.

Mark11

Re: Why have an (autologous) stem cell transplant?

by SK1 on Wed Feb 17, 2016 5:32 pm

My wife is undergoing her 2nd transplant (tandem) 3 months after the first. She was ready to start as soon as they told her she could. Her numbers after the first continue to go down.

The idea should be that she'll progress for a longer period than without ASCT. Hopefully that longer time will give her the chance to try new therapies that will come on stream.

SK1
Name: SK
Who do you know with myeloma?: Spouse
When were you/they diagnosed?: June 2015
Age at diagnosis: 62

Re: Why have an (autologous) stem cell transplant?

by allenbonslett on Wed Feb 17, 2016 9:43 pm

I did two, 5 years apart – 2004 about 8 months after diagnosis, and 2009 when counts began rising hard again.

In my 13th year now. My oncologist encouraged me to go talk to Stanford about a third transplant this year, as I faced rising counts again. But the transplant board ruled out the option due to 'accumulation of toxins'. Not sure I would have done it anyway, but that was the outcome of the visit. So now it's Velcade / dex infusions as I am on my third line of therapy.

allenbonslett
Who do you know with myeloma?: Me
When were you/they diagnosed?: 12/2003
Age at diagnosis: 43

Re: Why have an (autologous) stem cell transplant?

by MrPotatohead on Thu Feb 18, 2016 12:47 am

Hi Mark11

You obviously have a far, far better command of the multiple myeloma literature on this point than I do, and the studies you cite in your post do support better OS for those undergoing autologous stem cell transplants as compared with those who stay with drug/chemotherapy only. So perhaps you are right: The thread started out with a false assumption.

Still, we have Dr. Berenson's statement that the cited overall survival advantage shows up in some trials, but not in others:

JR Berenson and C Andreu-Vieyra, "More Treatment Is Not Always Better," Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology, May 2014 (full text of article)

Perhaps this is old information (it has been up for some time with no revision), but it does leave the potential for drawing the conclusion that I drew.

I am personally wrestling with the option of having a transplant, rather than staying with drugs, with which I have achieved a complete response, and the landscape of opinion on this topic is confusing.

There are also other considerations. A transplant is an all or nothing proposition, while drug therapy can be fine tuned depending on the patient's response. In addition, no one can tell you in advance how long the recovery from a transplant will take, and if you wind up on the higher end of the intervals for achieving a complete recovery, you have sacrificed part (and perhaps a good part) of your OS to a compromised QOL. Not to say that similar drawbacks do not exist for drug/chemo treatment plans.

I am not anti-transplant, whether auto or allo.

It is just hard to make an informed decision, when the information available is so fragmented, as well as being influenced by the treatment prejudices of many of the myeloma experts who may have a vested interest in one approach over another.

MrPotatohead
Name: MrPotatohead
Who do you know with myeloma?: Me
When were you/they diagnosed?: March, 2015
Age at diagnosis: 65

Re: Why have an (autologous) stem cell transplant?

by Mark11 on Thu Feb 18, 2016 5:11 pm

Hi Mr. Potatohead,

Thanks for the compliment. The reason I post links to studies is for patients to read them and draw their own conclusions. I am far from "pro auto transplant," as I was not planning on ever doing one as they typically are not effective long term for patients with my high risk subtype.

You are an intelligent person. It is obvious from how you write. Read the studies and make up your own mind. My main issue with this thread (and multiple others when transplants are involved) is that you had a group of people who never did one going out of their way to make what are factually inaccurate comments about them. Just say they are not for you. Just so everyone knows, two of the best posters here, in my opinion, are CherylG and JimNY. I believe neither of them did a transplant. The reason is they stick to facts and they cite peer-reviewed papers to back up their statements. I learn from that.

I know the OP stated she did an auto. She also stated:
"I couldn't cope with the anguish and pain of it all."

Transplants are not for everyone. She may have been someone who should not have been referred for transplant.
There are also other considerations. A transplant is an all or nothing proposition, while drug therapy can be fine tuned depending on the patient's response. In addition, no one can tell you in advance how long the recovery from a transplant will take, and if you wind up on the higher end of the intervals for achieving a complete recovery, you have sacrificed part (and perhaps a good part) of your OS to a compromised QOL. Not to say that similar drawbacks do not exist for drug/chemo treatment plans.

A transplant is not an all or nothing proposition. An auto is a high-dose of drugs - nothing more, nothing less. No one knows if they are going to a bad side effect from a drug. Note this study on Kyprolis and dex from ASH 2015. Patients died from it. Would you say Kyprolis is an "all or nothing proposition"?
Five patients died on study: 1 patient each had cause of death reported as disease progression, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute respiratory failure, acute kidney injury, and cardiopulmonary arrest.

From: J Berenson et al, "Weekly Carfilzomib with Dexamethasone for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Updated Results from the Phase 1/2 Study Champion-1 (NCT01677858)," ASH 2015 abstract 373.

Patients die from myeloma and the side effects of the therapies used. That is reality.

Transplants can provide the best QOL on a long term basis. The price is the short-term side effects. How many 5-year myeloma survivors have blood work like mine and can answer QOL questions like I posted in the quality-of-life thread?

I would venture to say not many. I paid a short-term price for a long-term gain. Again, you have to make the decision on what is important to you. What patients do not have to do is go out of their way to over dramatize the side effects of an auto and act like novel agents have no side effects and do not reduce quality of life.

Good luck moving forward and keep posting links to interesting studies that you come across. Everyone can learn from them.

Mark

Mark11

Re: Why have an (autologous) stem cell transplant?

by Ron Harvot on Thu Feb 18, 2016 11:41 pm

Mark,

I am not against auto stem cell transplants. Have not ruled them out as part of my future therapy. I have not had one up to this point and only said that Pat's experience had an impact on me and probably I would put one off as long as I could. I referred to Pat as a trailblazer for two reasons.

First, many multiple myeloma patients followed him. He consulted with all of the leading myeloma specialists. He went to ASH every year, interviewed most of the top persons in the field. He reported back on the latest treatments and drugs. He himself consulted with many specialists before he made his decision to go with Dr. Tricot and discussed his reasons, taking feedback from the multiple myeloma community. He knew that Dr. Tricot, who came to the University of Iowa from being a part of the Arkansas team, was a big proponent of the tandem ASCT.

The second reason for Pat being a trailblazer is he did choose a risky and unconventional treatment for salvage. In almost all cases, a tandem ASCT is given early, usually at the beginning of the course of the disease. It is an aggressive treatment designed to drive multiple myeloma down and reach a CR and minimal residual disease. There has been some literature (mostly from Arkansas) the claims it can be a curative process. Pat chose his after nearly 10 years of treatment knowing that the first ASCT he had done after his first relapse several years back had failed.

I wrote to him after he started having his difficulties. I was looking for his opinion, as I personally may be facing a relapse, but expressed my concerns over the difficulties he was having recovering from the third ASCT. He admitted to me that if he had stopped after the first of the tandem transplants, he probably would have gotten 90% of the benefit. He then would have gone on maintenance. However, he was convinced that the second would knock out even the low level of multiple myeloma that was still present. His body had been weakened by the years of drug therapy and the earlier first of the double transplants. However, he knew there was risk but thought it was worth it. Pat was the eternal optimist. So, yes, I believe for those reasons stated above I would call him a trailblazer

My overall point is that ASCTs are not easy on the body. If administered early in the course of the disease, almost all people recover from them within a few months. However, not all do. When they are done later in the course of the disease, especially after years of treatment, the risk goes way up. Finally, a double transplant as salvage treatment has very high risk.

So perhaps in my original post I should have drawn a distinction between when, not whether, one should consider the ASCT. Early on it has relatively low risk, with – as your studies point out – higher potential for both progression-free and overall survival benefit. However, later in the course of disease, the risk level goes up and the benefit level becomes more questionable.

Ron Harvot
Name: Ron Harvot
Who do you know with myeloma?: Myself
When were you/they diagnosed?: Feb 2009
Age at diagnosis: 56

Re: Why have an (autologous) stem cell transplant?

by JPC on Fri Feb 19, 2016 12:02 am

Ron,

Thank you for sharing your story. Pat was pretty much an open book, and kept no secrets, but your cut on his story did indeed add some detail to the picture. My observation is that Pat was faced with his decision sometime in the middle of last year. He felt he could not wait for new drugs that might not be approved. As it turned out, several new drugs were approved in November and December. With the benefit of 20/20 hindsight, you might speculate that Pat could have tried to wait and use the new drugs, though who can foresee for sure, an uncertain approval process. And by some stretch of the imagination, that Pat, if he had waited, could benefit from the new drugs that did come out? Also, as having morphed to nonsecretory multiple myeloma, he was disqualified from many of the trials that he might have been interested.

At the end of the day, I think Pat had faith that he did his best, and had no regrets. The greater part of the story and his legacy is the education he provided to thousands. In addition to education, was moral support and hope. Again, thank you very much for sharing, and good luck to you.

JPC
Name: JPC

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